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Mar 14| HISTORY
“4” “2”DAY
|Mar 16 >> Events, deaths, births, of MAR 15 [For Mar 15 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1583~1699: Mar 25 — 1700s: Mar 26 — 1800s: Mar 27 — 1900~2099: Mar 28] |
 On
a 15 March: 2002 In the wake of a scandal about the coverup of abuse of minors by Catholic priests, starting with Father John Geoghan of Boston, The Pilot, weekly of the Boston Archdiocese, publishes an editorial in which it asks the questions: •Should celibacy continue to be a normative condition for the diocesan priesthood in the Western (Latin) Church? •If celibacy were optional, would there be fewer scandals of this nature in the priesthood? • Does priesthood, in fact, attract a disproportionate number of men with a homosexual orientation? Lastly, why are a substantial number of Catholics not convinced that an all male priesthood was intended by Christ and is unchangeable? • Lastly, why are a substantial number of Catholics not convinced that an all male priesthood was intended by Christ and is unchangeable? 2002 Gavin Menzies claims that evidence which he has discovered proves that Chinese admiral Zheng He circumnavigated the globe from March 1421 to October 1423, long before Magellan did it in 1519-1522. Established history documents that Zheng He (1371-1435), born Ma San-Pao, had, from 1405 to 1433 led seven voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean, with ships much bigger and more numerous than those of Columbus [image >]. It is the sixth voyage that Menzies claims reached much further.
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 2001
Kenneth Waters, in prison for 18 years, is a free man today, thanks in great
part to his sister. From High School Dropout to Defense Lawyer Trail to Innocence ... And Maybe the Real Killer [< Defense attorney Barry Scheck, left, walks with Kenneth Waters, center, and Betty Ann Waters as they leave Middlesex Superior Court in Cambridge, Mass.] In 1983, Betty Ann Waters was a divorced mother of two and a high school dropout when her brother Kenneth was convicted of murder and robbery and sentenced to life in prison for the slaying of an Ayers, Massachusetts, woman, Katharina Brow. On this day, she helps represent her brother as a judge released him on personal recognizance pending a decision on a new trial. New DNA evidence cast doubt on his conviction. Massachusetts prosecutors agreed to Kenneth's release while they reopen and continue the investigation into Bow's slaying. There were samples of blood that were found at the scene of the crime on different materials, towels and things like that. Betty Ann was so convinced of brother's innocence that she dedicated herself to attaining her law degree. After Kenneth's conviction, she earned her GED and enrolled at the Community College of Rhode Island, where she got her associate's degree. She later transferred to Rhode Island College, where she earned a bachelor's and master's degree in education because she planned to support herself and her family by teaching while she attended law school. Betty Ann enrolled at the law school at Roger Williams University in Rhode Island in 1995 and began investigating her brother's case. According to lawyer Barry Scheck, whose organization, the Innocence Project, helped Kenneth Waters and other inmates fight convictions based on new DNA evidence, none of this would have been possible without Betty Ann. At his trial, Kenneth Waters' defense argued unsuccessfully that he could not have killed Bow because he was in court on an unrelated charge at the time of the slaying. Authorities confirmed he had a court appearance but could not pinpoint the exact time, which was not enough to convince a jury of his innocence. A court clerk helped Betty Ann uncover the evidence that would win her brother's freedom. In a courthouse basement, they found a box with Kenneth's name on it containing a knife and cloth with blood samples. Approximately a year before her graduation from law school, Betty Ann contacted the Innocence Project. On Tuesday 13 March 2001, Massachusetts prosecutors announced that the DNA taken from the evidence Betty Ann found did not match Kenneth's DNA. While agreeing to Kenneth's release, prosecutors have not dropped the charges against him. However, Scheck is confident they will, because he says his investigators have evidence that may lead them to the real killer. DNA frees man after 19 years in prison CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts (AP) — A man who served nearly 20 years in prison for murder was released Thursday by a judge, citing new DNA evidence that has cast doubt on the conviction. Judge Vieri Volterra released Kenneth Waters on personal recognizance pending a possible retrial. Waters praised the efforts of his sister Betty Ann, a former high school dropout who put herself through law school to work for his release and found the evidence that led to his release. "I think it's absolutely amazing that she's dedicated her life to this," Waters said. "It's been 19 years. My whole family suffered unbelievably." Waters had a tearful reunion with his mother and nine brothers and sisters in a Middlesex Superior Court hallway. "It's a great day. It's a great day," said Waters' mother, Elizabeth O'Connor. "It's great to be free," Waters said after emerging from the court probation office and embracing his family. Prosecutors said they were reviewing the entire case, which had included allegations by two of Waters' ex-girlfriends that he had admitted to the murder and an allegation that he sold some of the victim's jewelry five or six weeks later. In a statement, prosecutors said their decision not to oppose Waters' motion for a new trial "does not constitute a finding ... regarding Mr. Waters' culpability or lack thereof." Waters was convicted of beating and stabbing to death Katharina Brow of Ayer in 1980. His attorney at the time argued Waters was in court on the morning of the slaying to face a charge of assaulting a police officer, but authorities were unable to verify the alibi. Waters was convicted of first-degree murder and armed robbery and sentenced to life in prison in May 1983. Betty Ann Waters worked on the case for years, and eventually learned that a box of evidence with her brother's name on it was sitting in a courthouse basement. The box contained the knife used in the slaying and pieces of cloth with blood samples on them. She enlisted the help of the Innocence Project, a New York-based group that helps inmates challenge convictions based on new DNA evidence. The material was tested, and the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office announced Tuesday that the DNA collected from the evidence she found did not match her brother's. Prosecutors said Thursday they will decide whether to pursue a new trial based on "a full and thorough" review of all the evidence presented in the original case. If the case is retried, "We'll just have to go battle them again," said Waters' brother David O'Connor, 44, of Providence, Rhode Island. "You can just only imagine what he went through, but he dealt with it, he never gave up hope," O'Connor said. Sister/ lawyer, DNA test free suspect in '80 murder When her older brother was sentenced to life in prison for a murder she knew he didn't commit, Betty Anne Waters decided it was up to her to set him free. Waters, a mother of two with a high school equivalency certificate who waited tables and tended bar for extra money, went to college, got her law degree and started representing him herself. On Thursday, after more than 18 years behind bars in state prisons, her brother Kenneth was released from a Massachusetts prison after she uncovered DNA evidence to prove his innocence in the 1980 murder of Katharina Brow, whose body was found in her trailer home in Ayer, Mass. "I can't even explain how I feel," Waters, 46, said from her home in Middletown, R.I. "I had a goal that I just wanted to learn as much as I could so I could help him." With the help of attorney Barry Scheck and his Innocence Project, Waters, a part-time lawyer whose brother is one of her few clients, filed a motion Wednesday for a retrial. The Middlesex (Mass.) County district attorney's office did not oppose the motion. "This is an amazing case," Scheck said in a telephone interview. "She was determined — even though she was a single mom with two kids — that she would go to law school so she could learn enough to free him because she knew he was an innocent man. And she did save him." Judge Vieri Volterra released Waters on personal recognizance Thursday pending a decision on retrial, commending Betty Waters in the process. During Kenneth Waters' trial, problems crept up — among other things, time cards that would have shown that he was at work the night of the murder were not introduced. One witness testified that he told her he killed Brow. Kenneth Waters was convicted of first-degree murder and, on May 12, 1983, was sentenced to life in prison. Betty Waters' road to a law degree was long. Divorced with two young children, she worked weekends as a waitress and a bartender to pay her way through Rhode Island College. She then went on to graduate from Roger Williams University School of Law and became a lawyer at age 40. In law school, she reread the transcripts of her brother's trial and realized how badly it had gone. The family could not afford much in the way of appeals. But the real break came two years into her studies at law school, when she had to write a research paper on the use of DNA in post-conviction releases. "That's how I found Barry," she said, describing how she stumbled across hundreds of references to the work of the Innocence Project. Later, after begging a court clerk to scrounge through the courthouse basement, she found a sample of blood, believed to be of the perpetrator's, which was taken from evidence at the crime scene. In November 1999, Scheck asked the Middlesex district attorney if the blood evidence could be tested and compared against Kenneth Waters' DNA. This month the results came back: Waters' DNA does not match the blood found at the crime scene. DNA Test Frees Man From Prison After 19 Years CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — A man who served nearly 20 years in prison for murder was released Thursday by a judge, citing new DNA evidence that has cast doubt on the conviction. Judge Vieri Volterra released Kenneth Waters on personal recognizance pending a possible retrial. Waters praised the efforts of his sister Betty Ann, a former high school dropout who put herself through law school to work for his release and found the evidence that led to his release. "I think it's absolutely amazing that she's dedicated her life to this," Waters said. "It's been 19 years. My whole family suffered unbelievably." Waters had a tearful reunion with his mother and nine brothers and sisters in a Middlesex Superior Court hallway. "It's a great day. It's a great day," said Waters' mother, Elizabeth O'Connor. "It's great to be free," Waters said after emerging from the court probation office and embracing his family. Prosecutors said they were reviewing the entire case, which had included allegations by two of Waters' ex-girlfriends that he had admitted to the murder and an allegation that he sold some of the victim's jewelry five or six weeks later. In a statement, prosecutors said their decision not to oppose Waters' motion for a new trial "does not constitute a finding ... regarding Mr. Waters' culpability or lack thereof." Waters was convicted of beating and stabbing to death Katharina Brow of Ayer in 1980. His attorney at the time argued Waters was in court on the morning of the slaying to face a charge of assaulting a police officer, but authorities were unable to verify the alibi. Waters was convicted of first-degree murder and armed robbery and sentenced to life in prison in May 1983. Betty Ann Waters worked on the case for years, and eventually learned that a box of evidence with her brother's name on it was sitting in a courthouse basement. The box contained the knife used in the slaying and pieces of cloth with blood samples on them. She enlisted the help of the Innocence Project, a New York-based group that helps inmates challenge convictions based on new DNA evidence. The material was tested, and the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office announced Tuesday that the DNA collected from the evidence she found did not match her brother's. Prosecutors said Thursday they will decide whether to pursue a new trial based on "a full and thorough" review of all the evidence presented in the original case. If the case is retried, "We'll just have to go battle them again," said Waters' brother David O'Connor, 44, of Providence, R.I. "You can just only imagine what he went through, but he dealt with it, he never gave up hope," O'Connor said. Sister Studies Law, Clears Brother After 20 Years CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — A man who spent 20 years in prison for murder was released Thursday because of DNA evidence obtained by his sister, a high school dropout who put herself through law school in hopes of someday clearing her brother's name. Judge Vieri Volterra freed Kenneth Waters, 47, pending a possible retrial, after the genetic evidence cast doubt on his guilt. Waters praised the efforts of his sister, Betty Ann. "I think it's absolutely amazing that she's dedicated her life to this," he said. "It's been 19 years. My whole family suffered unbelievably." Waters was convicted of beating and stabbing to death Katharina Brow during a robbery in 1980. His lawyer at the time argued Waters was in court on the morning of the slaying to face a charge of assaulting a police officer, but authorities were unable to verify the alibi. Waters was sentenced to life in prison in 1983. Betty Ann Waters, 46, of Middletown, R.I., went back to school, earning a bachelor's degree and a master's from Rhode Island College and attending law school at Roger Williams University in Bristol, R.I. "The idea was that I could learn something and maybe try to help him," she said. "I thought, all along the way, I might not be able to do it. But I wanted to try." After graduating, she focused on her brother's case, and to this day has taken only a few other cases on behalf of friends. The breakthrough came when she hounded the clerk at the courthouse and learned that a box of evidence with her brother's name on it was in the basement. The box contained the knife used in the slaying and pieces of cloth with blood on them. She enlisted the help of the Innocence Project, a group that helps inmates challenge convictions with DNA evidence. The material was tested, and the district attorney's office announced Tuesday that the DNA she found did not match her brother's. Convicted killer is freed after his sister finds DNA evidence CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — A man who spent 20 years in prison for murder was released Thursday because of new DNA evidence obtained by sister, a former college dropout who put herself through law school in hopes of someday clearing her brother's name. Judge Vieri Volterra freed Kenneth Waters, 47, pending a possible retrial, after the genetic evidence cast doubt on his guilt. Waters praised the efforts of his sister Betty Ann. "I think it's absolutely amazing that she's dedicated her life to this," he said. "It's been 19 years. My whole family suffered unbelievably." Waters was convicted of beating and stabbing to death Katharina Brow during a robbery in 1980. His lawyer at the time argued Waters was in court on the morning of the slaying to face a charge of assaulting a police officer, but authorities were unable to verify the alibi. Waters was sentenced to life in prison in 1983. Betty Ann Waters, 46, of Middletown, R.I., went back to school, earning a bachelor's degree and a master's from Rhode Island College and attending law school at Roger Williams University in Bristol, R.I. "The idea was that I could learn something and maybe try to help him," she said. "I thought all along the way I might not be able to do it. But I wanted to try." After graduating, she focused on her brother's case, and to this day has taken only a few other cases on behalf of friends. The breakthrough came when she hounded the clerk at the courthouse and learned that a box of evidence with her brother's name on it was in the basement. The box contained the knife used in the slaying and pieces of cloth with blood on them. She enlisted the help of the Innocence Project, a group that helps inmates challenge convictions with DNA evidence. The material was tested, and the district attorney's office announced Tuesday that the DNA she found did not match her brother's. "She did re-investigation. She got recantation from the witnesses. She came to us with a strong case," said defense attorney Barry Scheck, who heads the Innocence Project. Prosecutors said they will decide whether to pursue a new trial based on review of all the evidence. In a statement, they said their decision not to oppose Waters' request for a new trial does not mean they believe he is innocent. The case had included allegations by two of Waters' former girlfriends that he had admitted to the murder and an allegation that he sold some of the victim's jewelry five or six weeks later. On Thursday, Waters said the true story of how he was wrongly convicted was "going to come out and it is going to be shocker." But Scheck jumped in and said there would be no further comment. Waters had a tearful reunion with his mother and nine brothers and sisters in a courthouse hallway. "It's a great day. It's a great day," said Waters' mother, Elizabeth O'Connor of Providence, R.I. "It's great to be free," Waters said. Sister's 20-year effort wins release A man who spent 20 years in prison for murder was released yesterday because of DNA evidence obtained by his sister, a former high-school dropout who put herself through law school in hopes of someday clearing her brother's name. Judge Vieri Volterra freed Kenneth Waters, 47, pending a possible retrial, after the genetic evidence cast doubt on his guilt. Waters praised the efforts of his sister, Betty Ann. "I think it's absolutely amazing that she's dedicated her life to this," he said. "It's been 19 years. My whole family suffered unbelievably." Waters was convicted of beating and stabbing to death Katharina Brow during a robbery in 1980. His lawyer at the time argued Waters was in court on the morning of the slaying to face a charge of assaulting a police officer, but authorities were unable to verify the alibi. Waters was sentenced to life in prison in 1983. Betty Ann Waters, 46, of Middletown, R.I., went back to school, earning a bachelor's degree and a master's from Rhode Island College and attending law school at Roger Williams University in Bristol, R.I. "The idea was that I could learn something and maybe try to help him," she said. "I thought all along the way I might not be able to do it. But I wanted to try." After graduating, she focused on her brother's case, and to this day has taken only a few other cases on behalf of friends. The breakthrough came when she hounded the clerk at the courthouse and learned that a box of evidence with her brother's name on it was in the basement. The box contained the knife used in the slaying and pieces of cloth with blood on them. She enlisted the help of the Innocence Project, a group that helps inmates challenge convictions with DNA evidence. The material was tested, and the district attorney's office announced Tuesday that the DNA she found did not match her brother's. "She did re-investigation. She got recantation from the witnesses. She came to us with a strong case," said defense attorney Barry Scheck, who heads the Innocence Project. Prosecutors said they will decide whether to pursue a new trial based on review of all the evidence. In a statement, they said their decision not to oppose Waters' request for a new trial does not mean they believe he is innocent. The case had included allegations by two of Waters' former girlfriends that he had admitted to the murder and an allegation that he sold some of the victim's jewelry five or six weeks later. Yesterday, Waters said the true story of how he was wrongly convicted was "going to come out and it is going to be shocker." But Scheck jumped in and said there would be no further comment.  Innocent
man freed by a sister's faith Kenneth Waters leaves a Cambridge, Mass.,
courtroom with his sister, Betty Ann Waters, who led the effort to prove
his innocence. MIDDLETOWN, R.I. - Kenneth Waters thought the call had come because his prison cell was a mess. He thought he was in trouble again. But this was the call that Waters, 47, had been waiting for since his 1983 conviction on a charge of stabbing a woman to death in her trailer home in Ayer, Mass. This was the call from his sister - the call that could free an innocent man. Betty Anne Waters, who as a teenager dropped out of Central High School in Providence, stood yesterday as her brother's lawyer in Superior Court and asked the judge to vacate his first-degree murder conviction. The Middlesex County District Attorney's Office said it would not oppose the motion. Devastated by her brother's incarceration, Betty Anne Waters, 46, was determined to find a way to prove him innocent. She set out on a decades-long quest to go to school, become a lawyer and find the evidence that would overturn what she always believed was a bungled conviction. Along the way, her dignity, self-possession and absolute faith would galvanize friends and colleagues across the country, attracting the support of such high-powered lawyers as Barry Scheck, who defended O.J. Simpson. More important, she has her brother back. "We have the evidence to show that he has been innocent all this time," Waters said Wednesday, sitting on a couch in the living room that doubles as her office. "We did a DNA profile of the blood found at the scene, and he was excluded," she said. The court released Kenneth Waters yesterday on personal recognizance, leaving the police with a new trail of evidence to follow toward another suspect, she said. Betty Anne Waters was married with a son when her brother was arrested on charges of robbing and killing Katharina Brow. She always believed he was innocent and was shattered in 1983 when he was sentenced to life in prison. The sentence left her feeling powerless in the face of the legal system. "There wasn't any evidence. He never should have been charged," she said. When she regarded the courts, the laws, the endless, fruitless motions and appeals, she "was very disappointed, disillusioned, disenchanted. It was unbelievable." Waters, who dropped out of high school as a junior and later earned her high-school equivalency diploma, started taking courses at Community College of Rhode Island while raising her family, which now included a second son. She earned an associate's degree in business in 1986, the year of her divorce. Then she enrolled at Rhode Island College, earning a bachelor's degree in economics, then a master's degree in teaching in 1992. Waters figured she would support her family by teaching as she studied law at Roger Williams University. She tailored her homework assignments toward her brother's case. She cultivated a specialty in DNA evidence. Waters earned her law degree in 1998. As she was handed her diploma, she thought to herself, "Now I can do something." Acting as her brother's lawyer, she found the evidence in his case, buried in the courthouse basement in a cardboard box: towels and curtains stained with blood, a paring knife with a 3-inch blade, and other items. Winning the support of Scheck's Project Innocence, a New York-based organization that helps inmates challenge convictions, and its Boston affiliate, Waters prepared the motions that could give her brother a new life. "She did reinvestigation. She got recantation from the witnesses. She came to us with a strong case," Scheck told the Associated Press. The vacating of the conviction puts Kenneth Waters back to square one, still under indictment, his sister said. Prosecutors have not yet decided whether to seek a new trial, she said. A hearing was set for May 1, when they are expected to announce their decision. In the meantime, Kenneth Waters, who was reunited in a courthouse hallway with his mother and nine siblings, is expected to stay in Rhode Island and must check in weekly with a probation officer. "I welcome their investigation," he said. Convict Could Get New Trial after Sister Becomes Lawyer to Help Him. BOSTON _ In 1983, Betty Ann Waters was a college dropout with two children and no plans. Then her brother, Kenneth Waters, was accused of beating and stabbing a woman 30 times, convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison. His conviction motivated her to return to school and earn a law degree in the hopes of helping him earn his freedom. That could happen as early as Thursday. Waters found DNA evidence that could clear the way for a new trial for her brother, and his release after nearly 20 years in prison. “Betty Ann's energy and dedication meant everything,” said attorney Barry Scheck, whose organization, the New York-based Innocence Project, helped on the case. The case began in 1980, when Katharina Brow was found dead in her Ayer trailer home. Kenneth Waters, who worked at a nearby diner, was charged. His attorney argued that he was in court on the morning of the murder to face a charge of assaulting a police officer. But authorities were never able to confirm the exact time he was in court, and the jury convicted him of first-degree murder and armed robbery in May 1983. His sister knew what her new career would be. AP Photo/ Victoria Arocho Kenneth Waters, left, and his sister Betty Ann Waters, right. “The idea was that I could learn something and maybe try to help him,” said Betty Ann Waters, now 46, who lives in Middletown, Rhode Island “I thought all along the way I might not be able to do it. But I wanted to try.” She enrolled at the Community College of Rhode Island for an associate's degree and later transferred to Rhode Island College, where she earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in education because she planned support her family by teaching while attending law school. For a few years, law school seemed like an impossibility. The closest ones were in Boston, which would require three hours of traveling each day. Then Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island, opened a law school in 1993. Two years later, Waters began school and started researching her brother's case. After graduating she focused on her brother's case, and to this day has taken only a handful of other cases on behalf of friends. The breakthrough came when she hounded the clerk at the courthouse where her brother had been tried, and learned that a box of evidence with her brother's name on it was in the courthouse basement. The box contained the knife used in the murder and pieces of cloth with blood samples on them. “She did re-investigation. She got recantation from the witnesses. She came to us with a strong case,” said Scheck, whose organization helps inmates challenge their convictions based on new DNA evidence. AP Photo/Victoria Arocho This is a 1991 family handout photo of Kenneth Waters while in prison. On Tuesday, the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office announced that the DNA collected from the evidence she found does not match her brother's DNA. The office said it would not oppose a motion for a new trial and that it was re-examining the case to determine what charges they might press at a new trial. Scheck said Kenneth Waters could be released on bail as early as Thursday. He also said lawyers are pursuing new evidence that could lead to the real killer. Betty Ann Waters said she will continue to work on the case even after her brother's release. She hopes to continue doing legal work on similar cases of the wrongly convicted. “I always thought I didn't know what I would do if he couldn't get out,” she said. “Now I'm not sure what I'll do when he does.” |
| 1999 Pluto again becomes outermost planet. 1999 Los miembros de la Comisión Europea anuncian, en boca de su presidente Jacques Santer, su dimisión en bloque después de que el Comité de Sabios publicara un informe en el que se señalaban claras negligencias de los comisarios en la gestión de las políticas y en el control de sus departamentos, así como la tolerancia durante años de fraudes y corruptelas, favoritismos y mala gestión de los programas. 1998 La alianza de izquierdas formada por socialistas, comunistas y verdes, que respaldan al gabinete del primer ministro Lionel Jospin, es la vencedora de los comicios regionales y cantonales celebrados en Francia.
1994 Estados Unidos y Rusia acuerdan permitir la supervisión mutua del desmantelamiento de sus armas nucleares. 1994 Sudáfrica adopta una nueva bandera (de seis colores) y añade al himno nacional "La Voz" el indígena "Dios salve a Africa".
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1966 Las Cortes Españolas aprueban la Ley de Prensa e Imprenta, presentada por Manuel Fraga Iribarne, que liberalizó la información. 1966 Racial riots erupt in the Watts section of Los Angeles.
1952 Greatest 24-hr rainfall begins: 187 cm at La Réunion, Indian Ocean. |
1939 Hitler occupies Bohemia and Moravia (Czechoslovakia)
1933 NAACP begins coordinated attack on segregation and discrimination. 1922 El sultán egipcio Ahmed Fuad es proclamado rey de Egipto con el nombre de Fuad I, con el que se inicia un período de monarquía parlamentaria. |
| 1917
Tsar Nicholas II abdicates
^top^ During the February Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II, ruler of Russia since 1894, is forced to abdicate (in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail) by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial government is installed in his place. Crowned on 26 May 1894, Nicholas was neither trained nor inclined to rule, which did not help the autocracy he sought to preserve in an era desperate for change. The disastrous outcome of the Russo-Japanese War led to the Russian Revolution of 1905, which the tsar only defused after signing a manifesto promising representative government and basic civil liberties in Russia. However, Nicholas soon retracted most of these concessions, and the Bolsheviks and other revolutionary groups won wide support. In 1914, Nicholas again led his country into another costly war, and discontent in Russia grew as food became scarce, Russians soldiers became war-weary, and devastating defeats on the Eastern Front demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the czar’s leadership. In March of 1917, the army garrison at Petrograd joined striking workers in demanding socialist reforms, and Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Nicholas and his family were first held at the Tsarskoye Selo palace, then in the Yekaterinburg palace near Tobolsk. In July of 1918, the advance of counterrevolutionary forces caused the Yekaterinburg soviet — a local coalition of workers and soldiers — to fear that Nicholas might be rescued. After a secret meeting, a death sentence was passed on the czar and his family, and on the night of 16 July 1918, three centuries of the Romanov dynasty ended when Nicholas and his entire family (including Anastasia, [born 18 June 1901] despite the lifelong impersonation of her by the Polish Franziska Schanzkowska, who became Anna Anderson), some faithful servants, and the tsarevich's dog, were shot to death. |
| 1916
Search for Pancho Villa begins.
^top^ Six days after Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa killed seventeen Americans during a raid into US territory (Columbus NM), President Woodrow Wilson sends 6600 US troops over the border to capture Villa dead or alive. In 1914, following the resignation of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, Pancho Villa and his former revolutionary ally Venustiano Carranza battled each other in a struggle for succession. By the end of 1915, Villa had been driven north into the mountains and the US government had recognized General Venustiano Carranza as the president of Mexico. In January of 1916, a group of Americans were killed by unknown bandits in Chihuahua, and on 09 March 1916, Villa, angered by President Woodrow Wilson’s support for Carranza, led a band of several hundred guerillas across the border and raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing seventeen persons. US troops pursued the Mexicans, killing fifty on US soil and seventy more in Mexico. On 15 March, under orders from President Wilson, US Brigadier General John J. Pershing launched a punitive expedition into Mexico to capture Villa. Over the next eleven months, Pershing, like Carranza, failed to capture the elusive revolutionary and Mexican resentment over the US intrusion into their territory led to a diplomatic crisis. On 21 June 1916, the crisis escalated into violence when Mexican government troops attacked Pershing’s forces at Carrizal, Mexico, leaving seventeen Americans killed or wounded, and thirty-eight Mexicans dead. On 28 January 1917, having failed in their mission to capture Villa, and under pressure from the Mexican government, the Americans were ordered home. Villa continued his guerilla activities in northern Mexico until Adolfo de la Huerta took power in Mexico and drafted a reformist constitution. Villa entered into an amicable agreement with Huerta and agreed to retire from politics. In 1920, the government pardoned Villa, but three years later he was assassinated at Parral. |
| 1913 first US presidential press conference (Woodrow
Wilson). 1902 Formación del nuevo Gobierno español, encabezado por Mateo Sagasta Praxedes, que solicitará de las Cortes 750'000 pesetas para la coronación de Alfonso XIII. 1892 First voting machines authorized in US (in New York State). “Myers' automatic ballot cabinet” was put into use on 12 April 1892, in a mayoral election. Mechanical voting was soon extended to other cities and states. 1875 In New York City, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, Archbishop John McCloskey, 65, becomes the first US prelate to be named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (by Pope Pius IX).. 1864 Red River Campaign-Union forces reach Alexandria, LA 1862 Gen John Hunt Morgan begins 4 days of raids near Gallatin, TN. 1861 Lincoln meets with his Cabinet to decide whether or not to provision Fort Sumter. 1820 Maine admitted as 23rd US state. 1812 first Russian settlement in California, Russian River. 1804 Promulgación en Francia del Código Civil, llamado Código de Napoleón. 1729 A Ceremony of Profession was held for Sister St. Stanislaus Hachard at the Ursuline convent in New Orleans, thereby making her the first Catholic woman to become a nun in America. 1493 Christopher Columbus arrives at Palos de Moguer, Spain, returning from the first voyage to the New World. |
Deaths
which occurred on a March 15:
 2000
Jaime García Añoveros, político y abogado español.1998 Dr. Benjamin Spock [1993 photo >], born on 02 May 1903, baby doctor, peace activist. Author of his memoirs, Spock on Spock, of A Better World for Our Children: Rebuilding American Family Values (1994), but most famously of Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care. which he constantly revised from its first version (1946) until his final illness. 1993 Fahkhri al-Ratroot, 24, Palestinian, murdered in Tel Aviv, Israel, by Jewish enclave settler Gil Rabit. 1988 Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, político uruguayo. 1987 Sesenta personas resultan muertas y otras 200 heridas a causa del descarrilamiento de un tren en la India, provocado por la explosión de una bomba. 1975 Aristotle Onassis, 69, Greek shipping magnate who had married widowed Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. — 1975 Aristóteles Sócrates Onassis, empresario griego. 1971 Tona Worthington, 10, beaten, raped, and strangled, by James Duke Creel after he kidnapped her while she was walking home from Reagan Elementary School in Abilene Texas. Her body would be found stuffed in a culvert in north Taylor County the following day. Creel would be sentenced to life in prison. 1968:: 26 personas al chocar el tren Ter de Galicia con un tractor cerca de Santa María de la Alameda (Madrid). 1960 Cech, mathematician. 1902 Francisco Masriera y Manovens, Spanish artist born on 21 October 1842. 1900 Elwin Christoffel, mathematician. 1897 James Joseph Sylvester, 82, mathematician. 1869 Lorenzo Quaglio, German artist born on 19 December 1793. [with an Italian name???] 1868 François Edouard Picot, French artist born on 17 October 1786. 1707 Antoine Pierre Patel II, French artist born on 22 November 1648. — Relative? of Pierre Patel [1605-1676]? 1673 Salvator Rosa, Italian artist born on 20 June 1615, specialized in Landscapes. — MORE ON ROSA AT ART “4” MARCH — LINKS — Self-portrait (1641) — another Self-Portrait — Portrait of a Man (probably another self-portrait) — Democritus in Meditation — River Landscape with Apollo and the Cumean Sibyl inspired by Ovid (Metamorphoses. 14:130-153) — View of the Gulf of Salerno — Human Fragility — and a charming picture: Jason Charming the Dragon 0752 Pope Saint Zachary |
| — 44 BC Caius Julius Cæsar, on the
Ides of March (Julian March 15)
^top^ stabbed to death in the Roman Senate house by a group of sixty conspirators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Caius Cassius Longinus. Cæsar, born into the Julii, an ancient but not particularly distinguished Roman aristocratic family, began his political career in 78 BC, gaining popularity with his political party for his reformist ideas and oratorical skills. He became an ally of Pompey, the recognized head of the popular party, and in 67 BC, essentially assumed this position after Pompey left Rome to become commander of Roman forces in the East. 
In 63 BC, Cæsar was elected pontifex maximus, or "high priest," allegedly
by heavy bribes. In this position, he led the reformation of the calendar,
which hence became known as the "Julian" calendar. In 61 BC, he served as
governor of Spain, and in the next year, returned to Rome, ambitious for
the office of consul — the highest political position in the Roman
republic. He formed a political alliance — the First Triumvirate —
with Pompey, and Marcus Licinius Crassus, the wealthiest man in Rome, and
in 59 BC was elected consul. Although generally opposed by the majority of the Roman Senate, Cæsar’s reforms won him popularity with many Romans. In 58 BC, he was given four Roman legions in Gaul and Illyricum, and over the next decade demonstrated his brilliant military talents as he greatly expanded the Roman empire and his reputation. Among other achievements, Cæsar conquered all of Gaul, made the first Roman inroads into Britain, and won devoted supporters in his legions. However, his successes also aroused Pompey’s jealousy, leading to the collapse of their political alliance in 53 BC The Roman Senate supported Pompey, and asked Cæsar to give up his army, which he refused. On 19 January 49 BC, with several senators including Marc Antony taking up his cause, Cæsar crossed the Rubicon River and invaded Italy. Cæsar made early gains against Pompey in the subsequent civil war, but was forced into retreat in Greece. In 48 BC, with Pompey in pursuit, Ceasar paused near Pharsalus, Greece, setting up camp at a strategic location. When Pompey’s senatorial forces fell upon Cæsar’s smaller army, they were entirely routed, and Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated. Cæsar was subsequently appointed Roman consul and dictator, but before settling in Rome, he traveled around the empire for several years and consolidated his rule. In 45 BC, he returned to Rome and was made dictator for life. As sole Roman ruler, Cæsar launched ambitious programs of reform within the empire and planned new imperial expansions in central Europe and to the East. In the midst of these vast designs, he was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC, by a group of conspirators who believed that his death would lead to the restoration of the Roman Republic. However, the result of the "Ides of March" was to plunge Rome into a fresh round of civil wars, out of which the republic would be forever destroyed and Octavian, Cæsar’s grand-nephew, would emerge as Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Gaius Julius Cæsar, dictator of Rome, is stabbed to death in the Roman Senate house by 60 conspirators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Cæsar, born into the Julii, an ancient but not particularly distinguished Roman aristocratic family, began his political career in 78 BC as a prosecutor for the anti-patrician Popular Party. He won influence in the party for his reformist ideas and oratorical skills, and aided Roman imperial efforts by raising a private army to combat the king of Pontus in 74 BC He was an ally of Pompey, the recognized head of the Popular Party, and essentially took over this position after Pompey left Rome in 67 BC to become commander of Roman forces in the east. In 63 BC, Cæsar was elected pontifex maximus, or "high priest," allegedly by heavy bribes. Two years later, he was made governor of Farther Spain and in 64 BC returned to Rome, ambitious for the office of consul. The consulship, essentially the highest office in the Roman Republic, was shared by two politicians on an annual basis. Consuls commanded the army, presided over the Senate and executed its decrees, and represented the state in foreign affairs. Cæsar formed a political alliance — the so-called First Triumvirate — with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, the wealthiest man in Rome, and in 59 BC was elected consul. Although generally opposed by the majority of the Roman Senate, Cæsar's land reforms won him popularity with many Romans. In 58 BC, Cæsar was given four Roman legions in Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum, and during the next decade demonstrated brilliant military talents as he expanded the Roman Empire and his reputation. Among other achievements, Cæsar conquered all of Gaul, made the first Roman inroads into Britain, and won devoted supporters in his legions. However, his successes also aroused Pompey's jealousy, leading to the collapse of their political alliance in 53 BC The Roman Senate supported Pompey and asked Cæsar to give up his army, which he refused to do. In January 49 BC, Cæsar led his legions across the Rubicon River from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy, thus declaring war against Pompey and his forces. Cæsar made early gains in the subsequent civil war, defeating Pompey's army in Italy and Spain, but was later forced into retreat in Greece. In August 48 BC, with Pompey in pursuit, Cæsar paused near Pharsalus, setting up camp at a strategic location. When Pompey's senatorial forces fell upon Cæsar's smaller army, they were entirely routed, and Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated by an officer of the Egyptian king. Cæsar was subsequently appointed Roman consul and dictator, but before settling in Rome he traveled around the empire for several years and consolidated his rule. In 45 BC, he returned to Rome and was made dictator for life. As sole Roman ruler, Cæsar launched ambitious programs of reform within the empire. The most lasting of these was his establishment of the Julian calendar, which, with the exception of a slight modification and adjustment in the 16th century, remains in use today. He also planned new imperial expansions in central Europe and to the east. In the midst of these vast designs, he was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC, by a group of conspirators who believed that his death would lead to the restoration of the Roman Republic. However, the result of the "Ides of March" was to plunge Rome into a fresh round of civil wars, out of which Octavian, Cæsar's grand-nephew, would emerge as Augustus, the first Roman emperor, destroying the republic forever. Julius Cæsar, the infamous dictator of the Roman Empire, is murdered by his own senators at a meeting near Pompeii’s Theatre. The conspiracy against Cæsar encompassed as many as 60 noblemen, including Cæsar’s own protégé, Marcus Brutus. Cæsar was scheduled to leave Rome to fight in a war on March 18, and had appointed loyal members of his army to rule the Empire in his absence. The Republican senators, already chafing at having to abide by Cæsar’s decrees, were particularly angry about the prospect of taking orders from Cæsar’s underlings. Cassius Longinus began plotting against the dictator, quickly recruiting his brother-in-law Marcus Brutus to join. Cæsar should have been well aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed his security force not long before his assassination. Reportedly, Cæsar was handed a warning note as he entered the senate meeting that day, but did not read it. After entering the hall with Mark Antony, Cæsar was surrounded by senators holding daggers. Casca struck the first blow, hitting Cæsar in the neck and drawing blood. The other senators all joined in, stabbing him repeatedly about the head. After being wounded in the groin by Marcus Brutus, Cæsar was said to have remarked (in Greek), "You, too, my child." In the aftermath of the assassination, Antony attempted to carry out Cæsar’s legacy. However, Cæsar’s will left his grandnephew Octavius in charge. Cassius and Brutus tried to rally a Republican army and Brutus even issued coins celebrating the assassination, known as the Ides of March. Octavius, vowing revenge against the assassins, defeated and killed both Cassius and Brutus two years later. Antony took his armies east, where he hooked up with Cæsar’s old paramour, Cleopatra. Octavius and Antony fought for many years before Octavius finally prevailed. In 30 BC, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide together. Octavius, later known as Augustus, ruled the Roman Empire until 14 A.D. "Beware the Ides of March," the soothsayer urges Julius Cæsar in Shakespeare's Tragedy of Julius Cæsar (act I, scene ii). Despite the forewarning, Cæsar is stabbed in the back by his friend Marcus Brutus. Cæsar falls and utters his famous last words, "Et tu, Brute?" (And you, Brutus?) Shakespeare's source for the play was Thomas North's Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, which detailed the murder of Cæsar in 44 BC Cæsar's friends and associates feared his growing power and his recent self-comparison to Alexander the Great and felt he must die for the good of Rome. North's work translated a French version of Plutarch, which itself had been translated from Latin. Shakespeare's version was written about 1599 and performed at the newly built Globe Theater. [Plutarch's Lives, Dryden translation] — CAESAR ONLINE: Commentariorum Libri VII de Bello Gallico — Commentariorum Libri III de Bello Civili — (in English translation): Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars —Below: La Mort de César, painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme. (which Thomas Nast parodied a Cartoon showing US President Andrew Johnson as the “American Caesar” published in Harper's Weekly of 13 March 1869, one year to the day after Johnson's impeachment trial started in the US Senate and 9 days after he had left office. In May 1868 the Senate voted 35-to-19, one vote short of the 2/3 majority needed for conviction). |
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— 44 avant JC: Jules César, assassiné.
^top^ Jules César est assassiné le 15 mars de l'an 44 avant JC. Il a 55 ans. César mène une vie dissipée de dandy avant de révéler son génie. Bon orateur, il intervient dans les batailles politiques qui agitent la République romaine en décomposition. Il soumet en huit ans la Gaule chevelue puis franchit le Rubicon avec son armée. Il impose à Rome son autorité et entreprend de vastes réformes. Il songe à se doter d'un titre royal qui assure la pérennité de son œuvre. Avec sa maîtresse, Cléopâtre, reine d'Égypte, il envisage un moment de se faire consacrer fils d'Amon, à l'image d'Alexandre le Grand. Le 15 Feb de l'an 44 avant JC, à l'occasion des Lupercales, le fidèle Marc Antoine pose sur la tête de César le diadème des rois grecs. Mais la foule proteste et le dictateur ôte lui-même la couronne. Qu'à cela ne tienne, Jules César projette d'accepter le titre de roi pour la partie orientale de l'empire à l'occasion de la réunion du sénat, un mois plus tard, le jour des Ides de mars. Ses proches l'avertissent d'une grave menace et lui font part de mauvais présages mais il n'en a cure. A peine installé dans la salle de réunion, César est provoqué par un sénateur. Celui-ci sort un poignard. C'est le hallali. Plusieurs sénateurs se précipitent et le dictateur est frappé de 23 coups de poignard. Parmi les conjurés figure Brutus [une vraie brute]. César avait placé toute sa confiance en ce jeune sénateur, fils de sa maîtresse Servilia. Il lui lance en grec (la langue de l'élite romaine): «Kai su», ce que les chroniqueurs latins ont traduit par un mot de dépit: «Tu quoque, mi fili» («Toi aussi, mon fils»). Il pourrait s'agir au contraire d'une malédiction au sens de: «Qu'il t'arrive à toi aussi le même sort!». Malgré cette fin prématurée, l'œuvre de César sera poursuivie et consolidée par son neveu, Octave, le futur empereur Auguste. |
| Births
which occurred on a March 15: 1995 Lockheed Martin Corporation is formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta Corporation. 1940 Juan March Delgado, empresario español, presidente de la Fundación Juan March. 1933 Ruth Bader Ginsburg, US Supreme Court Justice. 1927 Conocimiento del hombre, del psicólogo austriaco Alfred Adler, se publica. 1920 Edward Donall Thomas, médico estadounidense, primero que realizó un trasplante de médula ósea. Premio Nobel en 1990. 1919 The American Legion is founded, in Paris. 1916 Blas de Otero, poeta español. 1892 Realidad, primera obra dramática de Benito Pérez Galdós, se estrena en el teatro de la Comedia de Madrid. 1890 Delone, mathematician. 1883 Franz von Zulow, Austrian artist who died in 1963. 1874 Harold L Ickes social activist, New Deal statesman, who died on 03 February 1925. |
 1868
Grace Chisholm (Young), English mathematician, first woman
Ph.D. in Germany..
^top^Grace Chisholm was born in Haslemere, near London, the youngest of three surviving children. Her father was Warden of the Standards in the British government, in charge of the department of weights and measures. Her brother was sent to grammar school, a prestigious boarding school, and then earned a top scholarship to Oxford, but in the custom of the times in England, Grace and her sister were taught at home by their mother and a governess. At the age of 17 Grace Chisholm passed the Cambridge Senior Examination. Her family encouraged her to become involved in social work among the London poor but Grace wanted to continue her studies. Her mother would not allow her to study medicine so she decided to study mathematics at Girton College, part of Cambridge University. Girton, opened in 1869, was the first school in England dedicated to educating women at the university level. Grace Chisholm entered Girton in 1889 at the age of 21. At Girton her tutor was William Young. Women could not earn formal degrees at Cambridge at that time, but in 1893 she passed her final examinations (Mathematics Tripos) and scored the equivalent of a first-class degree. Grace Chisholm wanted to continue in mathematics but women were not yet admitted to graduate schools in England so she went to Göttingen in Germany to study with Felix Klein. This was one of the major mathematical centers in the world. The decision to admit her had to be approved by the Berlin Ministry of Culture. Under Klein's supervision, Grace Chisholm earned the Ph.D. magna cum laude, in 1895. Her thesis was on The algebraic groups of spherical trigonometry. Again government approval had to be obtained to allow her to take the examination. She thus became the first woman to officially receive a doctorate in any field in Germany. Although Sofia Kovalevskaia had been awarded a doctorate in mathematics in absentia from Göttingen in 1874 after submitting a thesis, the rules for doctoral degrees had become stricter, and Grace was required to take courses and pass a difficult examination showing broader knowledge as well as prepare a thesis in order to receive her degree. 
The year after her Ph.D., Grace Chisholm married William
Henry Young [20 Oct 1863 – 07 Jul 1942], who had been her tutor
at Girton College. William Young was also a mathematician. Between them
they wrote about 220 mathematical articles, several books, and had 6 children
within the span of 9 years. It is not clear how much of the collaboration
is really Grace's work and how much is her husband's, but it is now generally
agreed that William Young would probably have accomplished very little without
the help of his wife, a fact he often acknowledged. Grace wrote up his papers
for publication, often filling in proofs and correcting mistakes. But she
also produced a substantial amount of excellent work herself despite the
fact that her husband was often away from the family for large parts of
the year, leaving Grace to take care of the children and home at La Conversion,
near Lausanne in Switzerland, to where they had moved from Germany before
WW I, as anti-British sentiment was increasing in Germany. In 1915, she
wrote a paper on the foundations of calculus that won the Gamble Prize at
Cambridge, and later published a book on geometry and one on set theory
with her husband. 
Besides her extensive work in mathematics, Grace Chisholm Young completed
all the requirements for a medical degree except the internship, learned
six languages, and taught each of her six children a musical instrument.
She left Switzerland in 1940 with the approach of World War II, but her
husband could not get out. He died in 1942, and two years later Grace suffered
a heart attack and died on 29 March 1944. The Fellows of Girton College
had just recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but she died
before it could be given to her. Of her six children, 
the second daughter, Janet [1901-1997?], became a physician and the first
female member of the Royal College of Surgeons. She married a Jewish refugee
from Germany, Stephen Michael, a research chemist. They had children,
William, Dorothy, and Stephen Jr..
One of Grace Young's fourteen grandchildren, Sylvia Wiegand, fifth of the six children of Laurence Young, is a mathematician at the University of Nebraska (as is her husband Roger A. Wiegand) and a past president of the Association for Women in Mathematics. |
| 1860 Weldon,
mathematician. 1858 Liberty Hyde Bailey, US botanist and writer who died on 25 December 1954. 1857 Christian Michelsen, Norwegian prime minister; separated Norway from Sweden in 1905 He died on 28 June 1925. 1855 Boys, mathematician. 1854 Emil von Behring, German Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist who died on 31 March 1917. — Emil von Behring, médico alemán, uno de los fundadores de la sueroterapia y Nobel de Medicina en 1901. 1851 Virgilio Tojetti, Italian artist who died on 26 March 1901. |
| 1830
Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse, writer (Nobel 1910), in Berlin.
^top^ Heyse fand schon im Elternhaus eine Atmosphäre vor, in der kultivierte Geselligkeit, geistig-literarischer Austausch, die Anteilnahme an Musik und bildender Kunst Selbstverständlichkeiten waren. Die Mutter war mit der Familie Mendelssohn-Bartholdy verwandt und stand mit den führenden jüdischen Salons in Berlin in geselligem Verkehr. Schon während seiner Schulzeit am Gymnasium entstanden erste literarische Versuche, auf die Emanuel Geibel aufmerksam wurde. Aus der Förderung durch den 15 Jahre Älteren und schon Berühmten erwuchs eine lebenslange Freundschaft und gemeinsame literarische Arbeit. Die Freundschaft zum Haus des Kunsthistorikers Kugler brachte Heyse in Kontakt mit Burckhardt, Menzel, Fontane und Storm, schließlich mit der literarischen Vereinigung »Tunnel über der Spree«. Nach vier Semestern Studium der klassischen Philologie in Berlin wechselte Heyse zum Studium der Kunstgeschichte und Romanistik nach Bonn und promovierte 1852 mit einer Arbeit über die Lyrik der Troubadours. Zuvor schon hatte der Vater des Sohnes Entschluß, Dichter zu werden, freudig begrüßt. Den 24jährigen erreichte auf Vermittlung Geibels der Ruf des bayerischen Königs Maximilian II. 1854 übersiedelte Heyse nach München und nahm regelmäßig teil an den »Symposien« des Königs im Dichter- und Gelehrtenkreis. Daraus ergaben sich vielfältige gesellschaftliche Verbindungen. Er konnte sich eine herausragende Stellung als literarische Autorität aufbauen und sie über Jahrzehnte als Hofpoet und Dichterfürst in der Nachfolge Goethes behaupten, seit 1874 in der repräsentativen Neo-Renaissance-Villa nahe der Lenbachs residierend. Um den brachliegenden literarischen Austausch in München zu beleben, hatte Heyse mit Geibel schon 1854 nach dem Muster des Berliner »Tunnel« die Dichtervereinigung Krokodil gegründet und seit 1868 auch geleitet. Mit dem von Geibel herausgegebenen Münchner Dichterbuch stellte sich die Gruppe 1862 der Öffentlichkeit vor. Viele seiner Novellen siedelte Heyse in seiner Wahlheimat Italien an, wo er auch im Alter meist den Winter auf seinem Landsitz in Gardone am Gardasee verbrachte. Nach dem Tode Maximilians II. 1864 lockerte sich Heyses Bindung an den Hof und löste sich 1868; er hatte sich mit Geibels politischen Überzeugungen solidarisiert und damit unerwünscht gemacht. Seine Stellung im literatischen Leben wurde dadurch jedoch nicht erschüttert: 1871 Aufnahme in den Kreis der Ritter des Maximilians-Ordens, 1884 der Schiller-Preis, 1910 die Ehrenbürgerschaft der Stadt München. Heyse erhielt 1910, erstmals an einen deutschen Dichter verliehen, den Literatur-Nobelpreis. Er bildete mit E. Geibel den Mittelpunkt des Münchner Dichterkreises. Paul von Heyse war geprägt von der klassisch - romantischen Bildung. Er entwickelte eine Novellentheorie, um der Formauflösung entgegenzuwirken. Es handelt sich um die " Falkentheorie ". Falke steht für ein symbolträchtiges Leitmotiv. Diese Theorie verwirklichte er in zahlreichen Novellen. Paul von Heyse schrieb auch Romane, Dramen und Gedichte sowie Übersetzungen, vor allem italienische und spanische Texte übersetzte er ins Deutsche. Viele seiner Gedichte wurden vertont, u. a. von Johannes Brahms ( siehe Vertonungen ). 1901 - 1910 lebte er Gordone in Italien in der Villa Itolanda. Er liebte das Leben in Italien und sein Wunsch war es, dort begraben zu werden, wie aus dem Gedicht "Letzter Wille" hervorgeht. 1910 erhielt er den Nobelpreis für Literatur von der schwedischen Nobelpreisstiftung. Er wurde geadelt und konnte sich ab 1910 Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse nennen. Paul Heyse starb am 02 April 1914 kurz nach Vollendung des 84. Lebensjahres in München. Heyse studied classical and Romance languages and traveled for a year in Italy, supported by a research grant. After completing his studies he became an independent scholar and was called to Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria. There, with the poet Emanuel Geibel, he became the head of the Munich circle of writers, who sought to preserve traditional artistic values from the encroachments of political radicalism, materialism, and realism. He became a master of the carefully wrought short story, a chief example of which is L'Arrabbiata (1855). He also published novels (Kinder der Welt 1873) and many unsuccessful plays. Among his best works are his translations of the works of Giacomo Leopardi and other Italian poets. His poems provided the lyrics for many lieder by the composer Hugo Wolf. Heyse, who was given to idealization and who refused to portray the dark side of life, became an embittered opponent of the growing school of Naturalism, and his popularity had greatly decreased by the time he received the Nobel Prize in Literature 1910. |
Im Lenz,
im Lenz,
Wenn Veilchen blühn zuhauf, Gib acht, gib acht, Da wachen die Tränen auf. Im Herbst, im Herbst, Gib acht, gib acht, |
| Letzter
Wille
Der Tag an dem das Leben gehen wird |
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| HEYSE ONLINE:
Works not found online: Rafael — Elisabeth Charlotte — Colberg — Moralische Novellen — Im Paradiese — Merlin |
| 1824 Jules Chevalier, French priest and author, founder
of the Sacred Heart Missionaries. He died on 21 October 1907. 1809 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, first president of Liberia. 1797 Johann-Heinrich-Carl Koopman, German artist who died on 05 April 1894. 1779 William Lamb viscount Melbourne (Whig), British PM (1834, 1835-41), adviser to Queen Victoria. He died on 24 November 1848.
|
site safe for children 
2001
Mom reunited with captive twin boy guerrilla leaders.
The
mother, Mah Kae, arrived Tuesday at the border patrol force base where
Johnny and Luther Htoo have been held since